جراحیِ حسن (Aesthetic Surgery) کا فقہی و اصولی مطالعہ

Abstract

Modern medical science has made it possible, through aesthetic surgery, to alter the structure of the human body and enhance external beauty. The trend of such procedures is rapidly increasing worldwide, whether it involves correcting facial features, removing wrinkles, or reshaping body structure. This dimension gains particular significance because Islamic law provides clear guidance on unnecessary alterations to the human body, where principles such as *taghyīr khalq Allāh* (alteration of God’s creation), “necessity,” and “need” play a central role. Historical evidence demonstrates that human requirements, medical advancements, and Sharīʿah principles have always progressed side by side, and despite changing circumstances, the continuity of juristic guidance has remained intact.

This study emphasizes that in Islam, aesthetic surgery is permissible only when it aims at treatment or the removal of a defect, whereas procedures motivated solely by adornment, fashion, or personal desire are prohibited. The research explores the foundations upon which the permissibility or prohibition of aesthetic surgery is determined, how the distinction between necessity and mere desire can be drawn, and to what extent modern medical standards can be incorporated within the Sharīʿah framework. In addressing these questions, the study also considers the historical development of scholarly discourse from the Abbasid period to contemporary times, engaging with the opinions of classical scholars such as ʿIzz ibn ʿAbd al-Salām and al-Shāṭibī, along with modern researchers. Comparative analysis of classical juristic texts and contemporary fatwas is conducted, and the extracted principles are examined in light of modern medical ethics, including patient informed consent and professional responsibility.

The findings of this research indicate that surgery with therapeutic or reconstructive objectives may be deemed permissible, whereas procedures undertaken solely for cosmetic enhancement are impermissible. On this basis, the study underscores the need for collaborative guidelines formulated jointly by experts in Islamic jurisprudence and medicine, raising public awareness, and fostering international cooperation to evaluate new surgical techniques from a Sharīʿah perspective.